防范魔音入耳 关爱听力健康

翔???蔌?????     

Primary vaccination in adult patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation – A single center retrospective efficacy analysis

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) results in a loss of humoral immunity and subsequent risk for severe infections. Thus, re-vaccination is required but may fail due to incomplete immune reconstitution. We retrospectively analyzed predictors of immune response to primary vaccination applied according to the EBMT (European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group) recommendations. Serologic response to vaccination against diphtheria (D), tetanus (T), Bordetella pertussis (aP) and Haemophilus influenzae (Hib) (administrated as combined DTaP-Hib-IPV vaccination) was studied in 84 alloHSCT patients transplanted between 2008 and 2015 (age at alloHSCT: 18.6–70.6 years). All patients with a relapse-free survival of ≥9 months, at least 3 consecutive vaccinations and absence of intravenous immunoglobulin administration within 3 months before and after vaccination met the primary inclusion criteria. Additionally, immunological response to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was analyzed in a subgroup of 67 patients. Patients’ characteristics at the time of first vaccination were recorded. Responses were measured as vaccine-specific antibody titers. Regarding DTaP-Hib-IPV vaccination, 89.3% (n = 75) of all patients achieved protective titers to at least 3 of the 4 vaccine components and were thus considered responders. 10.7% (n = 9) of the patients were classified as non-responders with positive immune response to less than 3 components. Highest response was observed for Hib (97.4%), tetanus (95.2%) and pneumococcal vaccination (83.6%) while only 68.3% responded to vaccination against Bordetella pertussis. Significant risk factors for failure of vaccination response included low B cell counts (p < 0.001; cut-off: 0.05 B cells/nl) and low IgG levels (p = 0.026; mean IgG of responders 816 mg/dl vs. 475 mg/dl of non-responders). Further, a trend was observed that prior cGvHD impairs vaccination response as 88.9% of the non-responders but only 54.7% of the responders had prior cGvHD (p = 0.073). The results demonstrate, that the currently proposed vaccination strategy leads to seroprotection in the majority of alloHSCT patients.     

The relationship between wasting and stunting in young children: A systematic review

In 2014, the Emergency Nutrition Network published a report on the relationship between wasting and stunting. We aim to review evidence generated since that review to better understand the implications for improving child nutrition, health and survival. We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, registered with PROSPERO. We identified search terms that describe wasting and stunting and the relationship between the two. We included studies related to children under five from low- and middle-income countries that assessed both ponderal growth/wasting and linear growth/stunting and the association between the two. We included 45 studies. The review found the peak incidence of both wasting and stunting is between birth and 3 months. There is a strong association between the two conditions whereby episodes of wasting contribute to stunting and, to a lesser extent, stunting leads to wasting. Children with multiple anthropometric deficits, including concurrent stunting and wasting, have the highest risk of near-term mortality when compared with children with any one deficit alone. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the use of mid-upper-arm circumference combined with weight-for-age Z score might effectively identify children at most risk of near-term mortality. Wasting and stunting, driven by common factors, frequently occur in the same child, either simultaneously or at different moments through their life course. Evidence of a process of accumulation of nutritional deficits and increased risk of mortality over a child's life demonstrates the pressing need for integrated policy, financing and programmatic approaches to the prevention and treatment of child malnutrition.     

Systematic review of drug–drug interactions between rifamycins and anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents and considerations for management

Rifamycins (rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine) play an essential role in the treatment of mycobacterial and some nonmycobacterial infections. They also induce the activity of various drug transporting and metabolizing enzymes, which can impact the concentrations and efficacy of substrates. Many anticoagulant and antiplatelet (AC/AP) agents are substrates of these enzymes and have narrow therapeutic indices, leading to risks of thrombosis or bleeding when coadministered with rifamycins. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects on AC/AP pharmacokinetics, laboratory markers, and clinical safety and efficacy of combined use with rifamycins. A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidance was performed. The PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were queried for English-language reports on combination use of rifamycins and AC/AP agents from database inception through August 2021. The 29 studies identified examined warfarin (n = 17), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) (n = 8), and antiplatelet agents (n = 4) combined with rifampin (n = 28) or rifabutin (n = 1). Eleven studies were case reports or small case series; 14 reported on pharmacokinetic or laboratory markers in healthy volunteers. Rifampin-warfarin combinations led to reductions in warfarin area under the curve (AUC) of 15%–74%, with variability by warfarin isomer and study. Warfarin dose increases of up to 3–5 times prerifampin doses were required to maintain coagulation parameters in the therapeutic range. DOAC AUCs were decreased by 20%–67%, with variability by individual agent and with rifampin versus rifabutin. The active metabolite of clopidogrel increased substantially with rifampin coadministration, whereas prasugrel was largely unaffected and ticagrelor saw decreases. Our review suggests most combinations of AC/AP agents and rifampin are problematic. Further studies are required to determine whether rifabutin or rifapentine could be safe alternatives for coadministration with AC/AP drugs.     

Disseminated trichosporonosis with atypical histologic findings in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia

We report a case of disseminated Trichosporon asahii in a patient on systemic antifungal therapy who presented with multiple cutaneous nodules suggestive of fungal infection. Histologic features resembled neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis but staining with periodic acid‐Schiff and Gomori methenamine silver confirmed the clinical diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of maintaining suspicion for trichosporonosis and contextualizing histologic findings within the underlying clinical picture.     

医院临床技能培训中心在应对疫情专项技能培训中的作用——以南通大学第五附属医院临床技能培训中心为例

2019 年底新型冠状病毒肺炎（以下简称新冠肺炎）疫情发生后，为抗击疫情和保障医护人员自身安全，开展了传染病防护技能专项培训。在本医院的临床技能培训中心，按“三区两通道”设置模拟隔离病区、开发传染病防控专项培训课程，对全体医护人员（特别是一线医护人员）进行传染病防护技能、进出隔离病区等项目实景培训及实战练习。以期迅速有效地提升医护人员传染病防护技能和防护下临床操作的熟练度、精准度，在更好地治疗患者的同时，实现了医护人员“零感染”的目标。同时也说明在医院临床技能培训中心设置模拟隔离病区、开设传染病防护技能课程，并纳入常态化培训考核的必要性和重要性。     

中西医不同角度对儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的认识

2019年12月以来,以湖北省武汉市为中心陆续发现了多例新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者。人群普遍易感,儿童亦有感染病例出现,感染波及新生儿、婴幼儿,并且已出现儿童重症病例。儿童感染病例引起了社会高度重视。目前COVID-19病理机制尚不清楚,治疗亦缺乏特效药,这些问题都给疫情防控和临床救治带来极大困难。尝试从中西医不同角度认识儿童COVID-19,分析儿童COVID-19病因、流行特点、病情发展特点及治疗措施,同时从中医角度探讨儿童COVID-19病因病机、辨证及治疗方法,能更好地通过中西医结合对此次儿童COVID-19进行深入了解,理解其病理之基础,分析目前疫情发展之趋势,并在此基础上寻找安全有效的防治措施,以期对临床更好地防治儿童COVID-19提供参考。